Water hardness is measured in grains per gallon. There are ways to make hard water softer, like using an ion exchange system. Knowing these differences helps you take care of your appliances and ...

A water softener reduces the dissolved calcium, magnesium, and to some degree manganese and ferrous iron ion concentration in ...

Distillation can also be used to soften water as the water evaporates as it is heated and the ions are left behind. Hard water can be softened by adding sodium carbonate (washing soda) or by ...

Researchers at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering (UChicago PME) and at the Tandon School of Engineering of New York University have made a breakthrough in ...